Current Issue : October - December Volume : 2012 Issue Number : 4 Articles : 7 Articles
present review is to recognize the different body fluid compartments, to clinically assess the degree\r\nof dehydration, to know how the equilibrium between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid is\r\nmaintained, to calculate the effective blood osmolality and discuss both parenteral fluid requirments\r\nand repair....
Chitosan has received much attention as a functional biopolymer for diverse\r\napplications, especially in pharmaceutics and medicine. Our recent efforts focused on the\r\nchemical and biological modification of chitosan in order to increase its solubility in\r\naqueous solutions and absorbability in the in vivo system, thus for a better use of chitosan.\r\nThis review summarizes chitosan modification and its pharmaceutical/biomedical\r\napplications based on our achievements as well as the domestic and overseas developments:\r\n(1) enzymatic preparation of low molecular weight chitosans/chitooligosaccharides with\r\ntheir hypocholesterolemic and immuno-modulating effects; (2) the effects of chitin,\r\nchitosan and their derivatives on blood hemostasis; and (3) synthesis of a non-toxic ion\r\nligandââ?¬â?D-Glucosaminic acid from Oxidation of D-Glucosamine for cancer and\r\ndiabetes therapy....
A new and rapid method has been developed and validated for quantification of Dronedarone HCl in plasma using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography combined with UV-detection. Sample preparation includes the simple protein precipitation. Chromatographic separation was performed on Luna C18, X-bridge waters column (250×4.6 mm, 5µm) by using isocratic mobile phase containing Buffer(pH 4.9):methnol:acetonitrile (30/30/40)(Buffer containing glacial acetic acid and pH adjusted with ammonia) at the flow rate of 1ml/min at 240nm. Retention time was found 5.8 min. The different analytical performance parameters such as system suitability, specificity and selectivity, linearity range, recovery, precision, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined. The calibration curves were linear (r2=0.999) over the concentration range 300-700 ng/ml for Dronedarone HCl and 300-700 ng/ml for Dronedarone HCl in plasma (r2= 0.999). Average % recovery was found to be 87.69%. The LOD and LOQ for Dronedarone were 42.17 ng/ml and 127.78 ng/ml, respectively. The lower limit of quantification for bioanalytical method of Dronedarone HCl was 133.87ng/ml. The proposed methods are highly sensitive, precise and accurate and hence were successfully applied for the reliable quantification of Dronedarone HCl in plasma....
The present study investigates the encapsulated propolis on blood glycemic control, lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance in\r\ntype 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. The animal characteristics and biological assays of body weight, fasting blood glucose\r\n(FBG), fasting serum insulin (FINS), insulin act index (IAI), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein\r\ncholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured and euglycemic hyperinsulinemic glucose\r\nclamp technique were used to determine these effects. Our findings show that oral administration of encapsulated propolis can\r\nsignificantly inhibit the increasing of FBG and TG in T2DM rats and can improve IAI andMvalue in euglycemic hyperinsulinemic\r\nclamp experiment. There was no significant effects on body weight, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C in T2DM rats treated with\r\nencapsulated propolis. In conclusion, the results indicate that encapsulated propolis can control blood glucose, modulate lipid\r\nmetabolism, and improve the insulin sensitivity in T2DM rats....
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the determination of Quetiapine in human K2EDTA plasma with mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Clozapine was employed as an internal standard. Samples were extracted using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). In this study the samples were prepared using the eluent taken directly from the SPE without evaporation, as the sensitivity recovery and reproducibility are less in Liquid Extraction (LE) and eluent evaporation after processing through the SPE when compared to the eluent without evaporation. DVB-LP polymeric SPE cartridges (30mg,1ml capacity) were used for sample processing and the concentration of Quetiapine was determined by isocratic HPLC-MS/MS. Chromatography was performed on a Inertsil ODS, 50×4.6mm, 3µm C18 column, with the mobile phase consisting of 10mM Ammonium acetate, acetonitrile and methanol (10:25:65) followed by detection using mass spectrometry. The MRM mode was used for MS/MS detection. The method was validated over a concentration range of 5ng/mL to 1000ng/mL. The mean recovery of Quetiapine is 72.23 % at an overall precision of 16.74 %, with lower limit of quantification set at 5ng/mL. Linearity was established for concentrations in range of 5ng/mL to 1000ng/mL, with a Correlation coefficient (r) were found to be more than 0.99. The developed method is useful in the Pharmacokinetic study of Quetiapine and conducting the Bioavailability and Bioequivalence studies during the development of Generic Drug Products....
Background. Cutaneous drug reactions are common but diagnostically challenging due to phenotypic heterogeneity and\r\nsimultaneous exposure to multiple drugs. These limitations prompted the development of diagnostic tests. Aims. To evaluate the\r\nperformance of an in vitro assaymeasuring interferon-gamma release from patients� lymphocytes in the presence of causative drugs\r\nfor the diagnosis of drug reactions. Methods. Mononuclear cells derived from patients were incubated with and without suspected\r\ndrugs, and increment of interferon-gamma levels was measured by ELISA.We performed a telephonic survey to evaluate the effect\r\nof stopping the drugs incriminated by the assay on cutaneous manifestations. Results. We assessed 272 patients who used 1035\r\nmedications.When assessed against the questionnaire data collected at least 6 months after stopping the causative drug, sensitivity\r\nwas found to be 83.61% and specificity 92.67%. Likelihood ratio for a positive test is 11.40 and for a negative test 0.18. Positive\r\npredictive value is 75.37% and negative predictive value is 95.47%. The test was found to performsignificantly better in females and\r\nin older patients. Conclusions. Interferon-gamma release test is a useful adjunct tool in the diagnosis of cutaneous drug reactions....
Background. T-SPOT.TB is an interferon gamma release assay for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The requirement\r\nto process within 8 hours is constraining, deters use, and leads to invalid results. Addition of T Cell Xtend reagent may allow\r\ndelayed processing, but has not been extensively field tested. Design. Consecutive AFB smear positive adult tuberculosis patients\r\nwere prospectively recruited in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Patients provided a medical history, 1ââ?¬â??3 sputum samples for culture\r\nand 1 blood sample which was transported to the laboratory under temperature-controlled conditions. After overnight storage,\r\n25 Ã?µL of T Cell Xtend reagent was added per mL of blood, and the sample was tested using T-SPOT.TB. Results. 143 patients\r\nwere enrolled: 57 patients were excluded because temperature control was not maintained, 19 patients were excluded due to red\r\nblood cell contamination, and one did not provide a sputum sample for culture. Among 66 evaluable patients, overall agreement\r\nbetween T-SPOT.TB and culture was 95.4% (95%CI; 87.1ââ?¬â??99.0%) with Kappa value 0.548. Sensitivity of T-SPOT.TB when using T\r\nCell Xtend reagent was 96.8% (95%CI; 88.8ââ?¬â??99.6%). Conclusions. When T Cell Xtend reagent is added to specimens held overnight\r\nat recommended temperatures, T-SPOT.TB is as sensitive as the standard assay in patients with tuberculosis....
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